Block Copolymer Stabilized Liquid Nanodroplets Facilitate Efficient Triplet Fusion-Based Photon Upconversion in Solid Polymer Matrices

Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion is a photophysical process that affords anti-Stokes-shifted emission after annihilation of two metastable triplet excitons of an emitter dye and the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. While this process readily occurs in solutions under conditions where the mobility of the dye molecules is high, particular architectures are required to facilitate efficient energy transfers in solid polymers. One possibility is to incorporate liquid upconverting domains into solid polymer matrices. Another possibility is to reduce the intermolecular distance between the dyes below the Dexter radius, allowing exciton migration via triplet hopping. We introduce herein nanostructured materials that combine both of these features. These glassy nanostructured polymer systems contain liquid upconverting nanodroplets that are stabilized with a block copolymer surfactant and are fabricated under ambient conditions in a facile one-step protocol. The dyes concentrate in the nanostructured liquid domains, and this enables hopping-mediated ET and TTA between the dyes and leads to an upconversion efficiency of ∼20%.