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This paper presents an optimization model to optimally manage the electric vehicle (EV) charging load in distribution networks. We propose a bi-level programming model where the upper level is the load management problem, and the lower level is the charging station selection problem for EVs. The optimal solution of lower-level problem is a function in the charging price that is determined in the upper-level problem. Simulations on a power-transportation system are carried out to validate the proposed model, and analysis on load management is explored.
Kong et al. (Thu,) studied this question.