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SGLT2 inhibitors have emerged as a key disease-modifying therapy to prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents prevent decline in kidney function through reduction in glomerular hypertension mediated through tubuloglomerular feedback independent of their effect on glycemic control. The proliferation of clinical trials on SGLT2 inhibitors has rapidly expanded the approved clinical indications for these agents beyond patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We review the current indications for SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with and without diabetic kidney disease, including new evidence for use in patients with heart failure with or without reduced ejection fraction, stage 4 CKD, and chronic glomerulonephritis. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was recently stopped early for efficacy suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors may soon be indicated for patients with CKD without albuminuria. We review practical considerations for prescription of SGLT2 inhibitors, including the anticipated acute decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on initiation, initiating the lowest dosage used in clinical trials, volume status considerations, and adverse event mitigation. Combination therapy in patients with DM may be considered with agents, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs), novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and selective endothelin receptor antagonists to reduce residual albuminuria and cardiovascular risk.
Yau et al. (Thu,) studied this question.