Two-Level Regulation of Cardiac Actin Gene Transcription: Muscle-Specific Modulating Factors Can Accumulate before Gene Activation

We have previously proposed that the upstream regions of the human cardiac actin gene contain sequences that interact with muscle-specific factors with direct high-level transcription of this gene in differentiated muscle cells. In this study we showed that these factors already accumulate in the dividing myoblasts of the mouse C2C12 cell line before differentiation of the cells. The endogenous cardiac actin gene in the C2C12 line is expressed only at a low level in myoblasts but at a high level when these cells differentiate into multinucleate myotubes. In contrast, human cardiac actin genes stably introduced into C2C12 cells show high-level expression in both myoblasts and myotubes, indicating that the endogenous cardiac actin gene is repressed in myoblasts by a mechanism which does not affect transfected genes. In a second muscle cell line (the rat L8 cell line), the level of expression of transfected cardiac actin genes increases when these cells differentiate into myotubes, paralleling the expression of the endogenous sarcomeric actin genes. We suggest that the level of transcriptional modulating factors is low in L8 myoblasts and increases when these cells differentiate into myotubes. Our results demonstrate that at least two steps are necessary for high-level cardiac actin gene expression: activation of the gene and subsequent modulation of its transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the results indicate that the two regulatory steps can be dissociated and that the factors involved in modulation are distinct from those involved in gene activation.