Citizenship education and citizenship competence formation: development trends in international and Russian educational practice

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the instability of meaning-forming ideals, the search for identity by young people (including the citizenship one), the change in values in public and individual consciousness amidst ongoing social challenges and major socio-political transformations. In this regard, the key focus of this study is aimed at identifying trends and strategies for the citizenship development, fresh approaches to the citizenship education implementation, as well as the best social practices for the citizenship competence formation among young people in the international and Russian context. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the provisions terms of the concepts of the Global citizenship education (UNESCO) program and the Russian Federal project “Patriotic education for the citizens of the Russian Federation 2021-2024”, as well as the system-activity and competence-based approaches. As the principal research method, we applied the comparative analysis of recent scientific literature on the problem of the citizenship formation and the citizenship education implementation. The results of the study. The study of international social and educational practice made it possible to distinguish the following features of the citizenship competence development: the transition from readiness to activity itself; the encouragement of initiative, individuality and equality in a society; the assistance to young people in active participation in the life of a society, not in the “foreseeable future”, but now; education for global citizenship and democracy; the study and implementation of human rights and duties; cross-cultural dialogue and multiculturalism, social action and responsibility. In the Russian research and educational discourse, we distinguish the following issues: psychological determinants of the citizenship formation of a personality; citizenship as an integral trait of a person; civic-patriotic attitudes representation in young people’s minds, value orientations and patriotic self-determination. Discussion and conclusion. The presented review through the comparative analysis on the problem of the citizenship formation and the citizenship education implementation enabled us to specify the citizenship competence structure, taking into account the most effective international social and educational practices. The structure of citizenship competence consists of the following interrelated components, reflecting promising avenues in the framework of citizenship education: legal, political, cultural and historical, socio-communicative, environmental-geographical and health-preserving.