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Software is consuming the world—and defects are consuming the software. While we entrust our entire society to software, we rarely think about the underlying quality. Yet quality, and especially liability, matters. The number of product recalls and amount of legal action due to insufficient software quality is fast increasing. As software engineers, we, of course, know that quality must be designed into a product, not tested. But as human beings, we also know that defects happen. There is no way around systematic verification and validation (V&V).
Ebert et al. (Mon,) studied this question.