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Materials in nature feature versatile and programmable interactions to render macroscopic architectures with multiscale structural arrangements. By rationally combining metal–carboxylate and metal–organophosphate coordination interactions, Au25(MHA)18 (MHA, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid) nanocluster self-assembled structural color coating films and phytic acid (PA)–metal coordination complexes are sequentially constructed on the surface of titanium implants. The Lewis acid–base coordination principle applies for these metal–organic coordination networks. The isotropic arrangement of nanoclusters with a short-range order is investigated via grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The integration of robust M–O (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and labile Cu–O coordination bonds with high connectivity of Au25(MHA)18 nanoclusters enables these artificial photonic structures to achieve a combination of mechanical stability and bacteriostatic activity. Moreover, the colorless and transparent PA–metal complex layer allows the viewing of the structural color and surface wettability switching to hydrophilic and makes feasible the interfacial biomineralization of hydroxyapatite. Collectively, these modular metal–organic coordination-driven assemblies are predictive and rational material design strategies with tunable hierarchy and diversity. The complete metal–organic architectures will not only help improve the physicochemical properties of the bone–implant interface with synergistic antibacterial and osseointegration activities but also can boost surface engineering of medical metal implants
Zhang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.