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PSC is increased to as high as 20.5% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.2 V and a fill factor of 82.87%, all of which are among the highest in their respective categories. Furthermore, the fluorinated species modification also produces a hydrophobic umbrella yielding significantly improved humidity tolerance, and hence long-term stability. The present strategy provides a general approach to effectually regulate the defect-capture radius, thus enhancing the optoelectronic performance.
Zhang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.