The Role of Inpatient Malnutrition Care to Address Health Disparities among Older Adults

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances in the intake of nutrients over prolonged periods of time, resulting in loss of fat stores, muscle wasting, or the overall inability to maintain essential body functions.1Malnutrition Quality Improvement InitiativeUpdated MQii toolkit: glossary of terms.April 12, 2021https://malnutritionquality.org/wp-content/uploads/glossary-of-terms.pdfDate accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Malnutrition is a complex and burdensome condition, often associated with higher rates of postoperative complications, mortality, and lengths of stay.2Saunders J. Smith T. Malnutrition: causes and consequences.Clin Med (Lond). 2010; 10: 624-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar Fewer than half of older adults meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.3Choi Y.J. Crimmins E.M. Kim J.K. Ailshire J.A. Food and nutrient intake and diet quality among older Americans.Public Health Nutr. 2021; 24: 1638-1647Crossref PubMed Scopus (8) Google ScholarThe burden of malnutrition, although prevalent across all backgrounds and settings, disproportionately affects subpopulations, including underserved groups and older adults.4Reber E. Gomes F. Vasiloglou M.F. et al.Nutritional risk screening and assessment.J Clin Med. 2019; 8: 1065Crossref Scopus (99) Google Scholar,5Fávaro-Moreira N.C. Krausch-Hofmann S. Matthys C. et al.Risk factors for malnutrition in older adults: a systematic review of the literature based on longitudinal data.Adv Nutr. 2016; 7: 507-522Crossref PubMed Scopus (298) Google Scholar Malnutrition occurs more frequently among non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, low-income, and rural households.6Morales D.X. Morales S.A. Beltran T.F. Racial/ethnic disparities in household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative study.J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021; 8: 1300-1314Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar Systematic reviews have found an association between malnutrition and unfavorable clinical outcomes (eg, hospital mortality and length of stay).4Reber E. Gomes F. Vasiloglou M.F. et al.Nutritional risk screening and assessment.J Clin Med. 2019; 8: 1065Crossref Scopus (99) Google Scholar,7Magesh S. John D. Li W.T. et al.Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4e2134147Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar Malnutrition interventions initiated in inpatient settings are associated with decreased mortality risk, length of stay, and readmission rates, and increased quality of life.8Uhl S. Siddique S.M. McKeever L. et al.Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for and Google Scholar older malnutrition risk factors the of and L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google insecurity the inability to food to meet the of all household is a disproportionately affects of insecurity in the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of food insecurity in Black, or and is the in higher food insecurity with the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar in with food insecurity to and is a for to food and malnutrition in underserved for of malnutrition risk, by of the quality the Malnutrition Quality Improvement to and of malnutrition and the of food insecurity overall more and interventions to E. Gomes F. Vasiloglou M.F. et al.Nutritional risk screening and assessment.J Clin Med. 2019; 8: 1065Crossref Scopus (99) Google hospital malnutrition 2021; accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of the between malnutrition and disparities and for clinical on for have on including and F. et between malnutrition and 8: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar malnutrition affects more than of of of a malnutrition in for and malnutrition in accessed: June 16, 2022Google et al.Malnutrition and associated outcomes in Clin 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to and for and malnutrition in accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar malnutrition or outcomes and risk of and of clinical outcomes (eg, length of stay, readmission rates, complications, and to higher for with a malnutrition with a malnutrition S. Siddique S.M. McKeever L. et al.Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for and Google older adults malnutrition higher rates and the of outcomes for is to are or of malnutrition in hospital settings to to in Malnutrition MQii is a of the of and and a to malnutrition across the MQii a of more than to malnutrition of have a of clinical quality to and for older adults in inpatient settings, and to and associated with the to for and is a quality accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to in all of and to disparities in malnutrition Malnutrition of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar is an clinical quality by the Quality and by the for and and for and the and and Quality and for and for and and to and of of Health and for and Scholar to and malnutrition in is of to malnutrition malnutrition by a malnutrition and malnutrition to malnutrition for adults and older to inpatient are to are or of malnutrition, and for the of food of MQii disparities in the burden of malnutrition across and groups by with rates in literature higher rates of malnutrition among the S. J. L. risk among an of older Health Nutr. 2019; PubMed Scopus Google the readmission for non-Hispanic with malnutrition more than with among non-Hispanic and J. Racial/ethnic disparities in in the of Google Scholar found disparities in rates by by of a risk of to or of for with malnutrition, by to and MQii in rural to rural than on of for and a for Malnutrition Quality Improvement quality rural to to in rural settings to to and with a of rural hospital rural of the of to hospital to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to of meet to malnutrition and food older adults have for in rural often and of and in Adults: for the Health Scholar of and are of have found to Kim J. Kim J. of rural older adults is to and PubMed Scopus Google ScholarThe of Quality in Malnutrition and Health by the MQii a to malnutrition in hospital settings an to disparities in malnutrition have to malnutrition and quality and quality of quality in the inpatient have increased rates Quality and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google of with malnutrition risk screening for food of and interventions for with malnutrition and food of malnutrition and food insecurity for to the for by an and to for food to to and to food and of the quality of malnutrition to and for outcomes in the malnutrition in Malnutrition and Health the MQii to malnutrition have to and malnutrition Health refers to the to for and in with for the based on of and socioeconomic are disparities and to Health PubMed Google ScholarThe is Health the with in with a to the and of and to the of to and for and are of have to and during the of to and to and and quality in the hospital to disparities in and the of is the of malnutrition Health to of food insecurity to and more to all in inpatient clinical all for food insecurity the screening household food insecurity among in and 2019; Scholar and and with to and and food food and are to for and to all with food the of the of risk and risk factors factors and and and to the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Malnutrition in Food for malnutrition in settings the clinical burden of malnutrition and the to food insecurity in to of and to and and to more for older often or in the and of L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of of to food to the of of food or food of insecurity in the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Food insecurity to and outcomes for with food the of food malnutrition and on the the COVID-19 2021; PubMed Scopus Google S. et insecurity and a systematic review and in Health Nutr. Health Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google of the of and Food insecurity in the PubMed Scopus Google and to food insecurity the malnutrition clinical in by of malnutrition quality insecurity and malnutrition risk screening to malnutrition and food insecurity by the and risk factors of underserved and and subpopulations, rural and older of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar quality and malnutrition in clinical settings the of malnutrition and food insecurity risk by food and and to of and and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google food insecurity during a hospital an to to in settings settings quality have in and in S. et for and 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar is an to of and than of older adults are in the to and of of rates by accessed: June 16, 2022Google of to food insecurity is the of food insecurity and on malnutrition have during the COVID-19 increased the burden of loss of in food and and to L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google D. L. Malnutrition during the pandemic: for 2021; PubMed Scopus Google of of the COVID-19 on to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar with the malnutrition and nutrient higher risk for malnutrition are more to with to higher risk of and J. et a 2021; 10: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to the the disparities across and the of the for and and to malnutrition in and for to food to Malnutrition an for disparities in inpatient settings by a for to and to found to food or risk for for and malnutrition in the hospital food food insecurity malnutrition to of with essential Food insecurity and 2021; Google in the MQii in to (eg, and in settings and in to the disparities the to in and to with to and interventions across to and to more Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances in the intake of nutrients over prolonged periods of time, resulting in loss of fat stores, muscle wasting, or the overall inability to maintain essential body functions.1Malnutrition Quality Improvement InitiativeUpdated MQii toolkit: glossary of terms.April 12, 2021https://malnutritionquality.org/wp-content/uploads/glossary-of-terms.pdfDate accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Malnutrition is a complex and burdensome condition, often associated with higher rates of postoperative complications, mortality, and lengths of stay.2Saunders J. Smith T. Malnutrition: causes and consequences.Clin Med (Lond). 2010; 10: 624-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar Fewer than half of older adults meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.3Choi Y.J. Crimmins E.M. Kim J.K. Ailshire J.A. Food and nutrient intake and diet quality among older Americans.Public Health Nutr. 2021; 24: 1638-1647Crossref PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar burden of malnutrition, although prevalent across all backgrounds and settings, disproportionately affects subpopulations, including underserved groups and older adults.4Reber E. Gomes F. Vasiloglou M.F. et al.Nutritional risk screening and assessment.J Clin Med. 2019; 8: 1065Crossref Scopus (99) Google Scholar,5Fávaro-Moreira N.C. Krausch-Hofmann S. Matthys C. et al.Risk factors for malnutrition in older adults: a systematic review of the literature based on longitudinal data.Adv Nutr. 2016; 7: 507-522Crossref PubMed Scopus (298) Google Scholar Malnutrition occurs more frequently among non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, low-income, and rural households.6Morales D.X. Morales S.A. Beltran T.F. Racial/ethnic disparities in household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative study.J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021; 8: 1300-1314Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar Systematic reviews have found an association between malnutrition and unfavorable clinical outcomes (eg, hospital mortality and length of stay).4Reber E. Gomes F. Vasiloglou M.F. et al.Nutritional risk screening and assessment.J Clin Med. 2019; 8: 1065Crossref Scopus (99) Google Scholar,7Magesh S. John D. Li W.T. et al.Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4e2134147Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar Malnutrition interventions initiated in inpatient settings are associated with decreased mortality risk, length of stay, and readmission rates, and increased quality of life.8Uhl S. Siddique S.M. McKeever L. et al.Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for and Google Scholar older malnutrition risk factors the of and L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Food insecurity the inability to food to meet the of all household is a disproportionately affects of insecurity in the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of food insecurity in Black, or and is the in higher food insecurity with the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar in with food insecurity to and is a for to food and malnutrition in underserved for of malnutrition risk, by of the quality the Malnutrition Quality Improvement to and of malnutrition and the of food insecurity overall more and interventions to E. Gomes F. Vasiloglou M.F. et al.Nutritional risk screening and assessment.J Clin Med. 2019; 8: 1065Crossref Scopus (99) Google hospital malnutrition 2021; accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of the between malnutrition and disparities and for clinical on for have on including and F. et between malnutrition and 8: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar malnutrition affects more than of of of a malnutrition in for and malnutrition in accessed: June 16, 2022Google et al.Malnutrition and associated outcomes in Clin 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to and for and malnutrition in accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar malnutrition or outcomes and risk of and of clinical outcomes (eg, length of stay, readmission rates, complications, and to higher for with a malnutrition with a malnutrition S. Siddique S.M. McKeever L. et al.Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for and Google older adults malnutrition higher rates and the of outcomes for is to are or of malnutrition in hospital settings to to in Malnutrition MQii is a of the of and and a to malnutrition across the MQii a of more than to malnutrition of have a of clinical quality to and for older adults in inpatient settings, and to and associated with the to for and is a quality accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to in all of and to disparities in malnutrition Malnutrition of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar is an clinical quality by the Quality and by the for and and for and the and and Quality and for and for and and to and of of Health and for and Scholar to and malnutrition in is of to malnutrition malnutrition by a malnutrition and malnutrition to malnutrition for adults and older to inpatient are to are or of malnutrition, and for the of food of MQii disparities in the burden of malnutrition across and groups by with rates in literature higher rates of malnutrition among the S. J. L. risk among an of older Health Nutr. 2019; PubMed Scopus Google the readmission for non-Hispanic with malnutrition more than with among non-Hispanic and J. Racial/ethnic disparities in in the of Google Scholar found disparities in rates by by of a risk of to or of to and MQii in rural to rural than on of for and a for Malnutrition Quality Improvement quality rural to to in rural settings to to and with a of rural hospital rural of the of to hospital to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to of meet to malnutrition and food older adults have for in rural often and of and in Adults: for the Health Scholar of and are of have found to Kim J. Kim J. of rural older adults is to and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Malnutrition have on including and F. et between malnutrition and 8: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar malnutrition affects more than of of of a malnutrition in for and malnutrition in accessed: June 16, 2022Google et al.Malnutrition and associated outcomes in Clin 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to and for and malnutrition in accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar malnutrition or outcomes and risk of and of clinical outcomes (eg, length of stay, readmission rates, complications, and to higher for with a malnutrition with a malnutrition S. Siddique S.M. McKeever L. et al.Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for and Google Scholar older adults malnutrition higher rates and the of outcomes for is to are or of malnutrition in hospital settings to to in Malnutrition MQii is a of the of and and a to malnutrition across the MQii a of more than to malnutrition of have a of clinical quality to and for older adults in inpatient settings, and to and associated with the to for and is a quality accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to in all of and to disparities in malnutrition Malnutrition of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar is an clinical quality by the Quality and by the for and and for and the and and Quality and for and for and and to and of of Health and for and Scholar to and malnutrition in is of to malnutrition malnutrition by a malnutrition and malnutrition to malnutrition for adults and older to inpatient are to are or of malnutrition, and for the of food of MQii disparities in the burden of malnutrition across and groups by with rates in literature higher rates of malnutrition among the S. J. L. risk among an of older Health Nutr. 2019; PubMed Scopus Google the readmission for non-Hispanic with malnutrition more than with among non-Hispanic and J. Racial/ethnic disparities in in the of Google Scholar found disparities in rates by by of a risk of to or of to and MQii in rural to rural than on of for and a for to to in rural settings to to and with a of rural hospital rural of the of to hospital to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to of meet to malnutrition and food older adults have for in rural often and of and in Adults: for the Health Scholar of and are of have found to Kim J. Kim J. of rural older adults is to and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar MQii is a of the of and and a to malnutrition across the MQii a of more than to malnutrition of have a of clinical quality to and for older adults in inpatient settings, and Quality to and associated with the to for and is a quality accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to in all of and to disparities in malnutrition Malnutrition of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar is an clinical quality by the Quality and by the for and and for and the and and Quality and for and for and and to and of of Health and for and Scholar to and malnutrition in is of to malnutrition malnutrition by a malnutrition and malnutrition to malnutrition for adults and older to inpatient are to are or of malnutrition, and for the of food of MQii disparities in the burden of malnutrition across and groups by with rates in literature higher rates of malnutrition among the S. J. L. risk among an of older Health Nutr. 2019; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar the readmission for non-Hispanic with malnutrition more than with among non-Hispanic and J. Racial/ethnic disparities in in the of Google Scholar found disparities in rates by by of a risk of to or of to and MQii in rural to rural than on of for and a for to to in rural settings to to and with a of rural hospital rural of the of to hospital to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar to of meet to malnutrition and food older adults have for in rural often and of and in Adults: for the Health Scholar of and are of have found to Kim J. Kim J. of rural older adults is to and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar of Quality in Malnutrition and Health by the MQii a to malnutrition in hospital settings an to disparities in malnutrition have to malnutrition and quality and quality of quality in the inpatient have increased rates Quality and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google of with malnutrition risk screening for food of and interventions for with malnutrition and food of malnutrition and food insecurity for to the for by an and to for food to to and to food and of the quality of malnutrition to and for outcomes in the malnutrition in Malnutrition and Health the MQii to malnutrition have to and malnutrition Health refers to the to for and in with for the based on of and socioeconomic are disparities and to Health PubMed Google ScholarThe is Health the with in with a to the and of and to the of to and for and are of have to and during the of to and to and and quality in the hospital to disparities in and of is the of malnutrition Health to of food insecurity to and more to all in inpatient clinical all for food insecurity the screening household food insecurity among in and 2019; Scholar and and with to and and food food and are to for and to all with food the of the of risk and risk factors factors and and and to the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Malnutrition in Food for malnutrition in settings the clinical burden of malnutrition and the to food insecurity in to of and to and and to more for older often or in the and of L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of of to food to the of of food or food of insecurity in the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Food insecurity to and outcomes for with food the of food malnutrition and on the the COVID-19 2021; PubMed Scopus Google S. et insecurity and a systematic review and in Health Nutr. Health Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google of the of and Food insecurity in the PubMed Scopus Google and to food insecurity the malnutrition clinical in by of malnutrition quality insecurity and malnutrition risk screening to malnutrition and food insecurity by the and risk factors of underserved and and subpopulations, rural and older of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar quality and malnutrition in clinical settings the of malnutrition and food insecurity risk by food and and to of and and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google food insecurity during a hospital an to to in settings settings quality have in and in S. et for and 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar is an to of and than of older adults are in the to and of of rates by accessed: June 16, 2022Google of to food insecurity is the of food insecurity and on malnutrition have during the COVID-19 increased the burden of loss of in food and and to L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google D. L. Malnutrition during the pandemic: for 2021; PubMed Scopus Google of of the COVID-19 on to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar with the malnutrition and nutrient higher risk for malnutrition are more to with to higher risk of and J. et a 2021; 10: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to the the disparities across and the of by the MQii a to malnutrition in hospital settings an to disparities in malnutrition have to malnutrition and quality and quality of quality in the inpatient have increased rates Quality and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google of with malnutrition risk screening for food of and interventions for with malnutrition and food of malnutrition and food insecurity for to the for by an and to for food to to and to food and of the quality of malnutrition to and for outcomes in the malnutrition MQii in Malnutrition and Health the MQii to malnutrition have to and malnutrition Health refers to the to for and in with for the based on of and socioeconomic are disparities and to Health PubMed Google ScholarThe is Health the with in with a to the and of and to the of to and for and are of have to and during the of to and to and and quality in the hospital to disparities in and of is the of malnutrition Health to of food insecurity to and more to all in inpatient clinical all for food insecurity the screening household food insecurity among in and 2019; Scholar and and with to and and food food and are to for and to all with food of the of risk and risk factors factors and and and to the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar the MQii to malnutrition have to and malnutrition Health refers to the to for and in with for the based on of and socioeconomic are disparities and to Health PubMed Google Scholar is Health the with in with a to the and of and to the of to and for and are of have to and during the of to and to and and quality in the hospital to disparities in and of is the of malnutrition Health to of food insecurity to and more to all in inpatient clinical all for food insecurity the screening household food insecurity among in and 2019; Scholar and and with to and and food food and are to for and to all with food of the of risk and risk factors factors and and and to the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Malnutrition in Food for malnutrition in settings the clinical burden of malnutrition and the to food insecurity in to of and to and and to more for older often or in the and of L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of of to food to the of of food or food of insecurity in the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Food insecurity to and outcomes for with food the of food malnutrition and on the the COVID-19 2021; PubMed Scopus Google S. et insecurity and a systematic review and in Health Nutr. Health Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google of the of and Food insecurity in the PubMed Scopus Google and to food insecurity the malnutrition clinical in by of malnutrition quality to malnutrition and food insecurity by the and risk factors of underserved and and subpopulations, rural and older of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar quality and malnutrition in clinical settings the of malnutrition and food insecurity risk by food and and to of and and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google food insecurity during a hospital an to to in settings settings quality have in and in S. et for and 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar is an to of and than of older adults are in the to and of of rates by accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar A for malnutrition in settings the clinical burden of malnutrition and the to food insecurity in to of and to and and to more for older often or in the and of L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of of to food to the of of food or food of insecurity in the accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar Food insecurity to and outcomes for with food the of food malnutrition and on the the COVID-19 2021; PubMed Scopus Google S. et insecurity and a systematic review and in Health Nutr. Health Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google of the of and Food insecurity in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar and to food insecurity the malnutrition clinical in by of malnutrition quality to malnutrition and food insecurity by the and risk factors of underserved and and subpopulations, rural and older of and accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar quality and malnutrition in clinical settings the of malnutrition and food insecurity risk by food and and to of and and Health accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar food insecurity during a hospital an to to in settings settings quality have in and in S. et for and 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar is an to of and than of older adults are in the to and of of rates by accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar of to food insecurity is the of food insecurity and on malnutrition have during the COVID-19 increased the burden of loss of in food and and to L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google D. L. Malnutrition during the pandemic: for 2021; PubMed Scopus Google of of the COVID-19 on to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar with the malnutrition and nutrient higher risk for malnutrition are more to with to higher risk of and J. et a 2021; 10: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to the the disparities across and the of to food insecurity is the of food insecurity and on malnutrition have during the COVID-19 increased the burden of loss of in food and and to L. on and food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults in the of accessed: June 16, 2022Google D. L. Malnutrition during the pandemic: for 2021; PubMed Scopus Google of of the COVID-19 on to accessed: June 16, 2022Google Scholar with the malnutrition and nutrient higher risk for malnutrition are more to with to higher risk of and J. et a 2021; 10: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar to the the disparities across and the of the for and and to malnutrition in and for to food to Malnutrition an for disparities in inpatient settings by a for to and to found to food or risk for for and malnutrition in the hospital food food insecurity malnutrition to of with essential Food insecurity and 2021; Google in the MQii in to (eg, and in settings and in to the disparities the to in and to with to and interventions across to and to more the for and and to malnutrition in and for to food to Malnutrition an for disparities in inpatient settings by a for to and to found to food or risk for for and malnutrition in the hospital food food insecurity malnutrition to of with essential Food insecurity and 2021; Google Scholar