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Many American cities have experienced dramatic economic changes in the past decades. Formerly vibrant industrial centres have been hit by the delocalization of manufacturing jobs since the golden years of steel production following World War II. Cities such as Springfield, Massachusetts, Youngstown, Ohio, or Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, are examples of small and midsize cities that have suffered from urban decline. Located in a region known today as the Rust Belt of the United States, many of the...
Jean‐Philippe Meloche (Wed,) studied this question.