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The fusion of disinformation, propaganda, cyberattacks, and other forms of covert power can be a coercive tool against an opponent, both in times of peace and during conflicts. The Russian Federation has used those methods to achieve political objectives in countries that are geopolitically important to Moscow. Russia’s information operations in Ukraine were crucial to the annexation of Crimea and expansion into the Donbas region. Russia deploys disinformation propaganda and cyberattacks to influence Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The impact of these activities has been amplified by technological advancements. How to win the new information war? This article analyzes the influence of Russian information operations and assesses existing and potential responses to counter such threats.
Andrzej Jacuch (Sun,) studied this question.