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Background infrastructures, educational and research challenges, academic independence, and scientific freedom as causal conditions; individual, cultural, and social factors, communication, and global knowledge as intervening conditions; management challenges, monitoring, evaluation, strategy, and leadership as the context of the formation of the most important challenges and obstacles of academic culture in institutionalizing the quality culture in higher education. The strategies to solve the challenges were divided into three levels, namely micro, mid, and macro, each of which with different subclasses. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed a deeper understanding of the direct and indirect challenges and obstacles of academic culture in institutionalizing the quality culture in higher education, which should be taken into consideration by the beneficiaries.
Ghassabichorsi et al. (Thu,) studied this question.