Association of Preoperative Medical Consultation With Reduction in Adverse Postoperative Outcomes and Use of Processes of Care Among Residents of Ontario, Canada

Importance: It is uncertain whether preoperative medical consultation reduces adverse postoperative clinical outcomes. Objective: To investigate the association of preoperative medical consultation with reduction in adverse postoperative outcomes and use of processes of care. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative databases from an independent research institute housing routinely collected health data for Ontario's 14 million residents, including sociodemographic features, physician characteristics and services, and receipt of inpatient and outpatient care. The study sample included Ontario residents aged 40 years or older who underwent their first qualifying intermediate- to high-risk noncardiac operation. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for differences between patients who did and did not undergo preoperative medical consultation with discharge dates between April 1, 2005, and March 31, 2018. The data were analyzed from December 20, 2021, to May 15, 2022. Exposures: Receipt of preoperative medical consultation in the 4 months preceding the index surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause postoperative mortality. Secondary outcomes included 1-year mortality, inpatient myocardial infarction and stroke, in-hospital mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and 30-day health system costs. Results: Of the total 530 473 individuals (mean SD age, 67. 1 10. 6 years; 278 903 52. 6% female) included in the study, 186 299 (35. 1%) received preoperative medical consultation. Propensity score matching resulted in 179 809 well-matched pairs (67. 8% of the full cohort). The 30-day mortality rate was 0. 9% (n = 1534) in the consultation group and 0. 7% (n = 1299) in the control group (odds ratio OR, 1. 19; 95% CI, 1. 11-1. 29). The ORs for 1 year mortality (OR, 1. 15; 95% CI, 1. 11-1. 19), inpatient stroke (OR, 1. 21; 95% CI, 1. 06-1. 37), in-hospital mechanical ventilation (OR, 1. 38; 95% CI, 1. 31-1. 45), and 30-day emergency department visits (OR, 1. 07; 95% CI, 1. 05-1. 09) were higher in the consultation group; however, the rates of inpatient myocardial infarction did not differ. The lengths of stay in acute care were a mean (SD) 6. 0 (9. 3) days in the consultation group and 5. 6 (10. 0) days in the control group (difference, 0. 4 95% CI, 0. 3-0. 5 days), and the median (IQR) total 30-day health system cost was CAD 317 (229-959) (US 235 170-711) higher in the consultation group. Preoperative medical consultation was associated with increased use of preoperative echocardiography (OR, 2. 64; 95% CI, 2. 59-2. 69) and cardiac stress tests (OR, 2. 50; 95% CI, 2. 43-2. 56) and higher odds of receiving a new prescription for β-blockers (OR, 2. 96; 95% CI, 2. 82-3. 12). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, preoperative medical consultation was not associated with a reduction but rather with an increase in adverse postoperative outcomes, suggesting a need for further refinement of target populations, processes, and interventions related to preoperative medical consultation. These findings highlight the need for further research and suggest that referral for preoperative medical consultation and subsequent testing should be carefully guided by individual-level consideration of risks and benefits.