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With the increasing concern about global energy crisis and environmental pollution, the integrated renewable energy system has gradually become one of the most important ways to achieve energy transition. In the context of the rapid development of hydrogen energy industry, the proportion of hydrogen energy in the energy system has gradually increased. The conversion between various energy sources has also become more complicated, which poses challenges to the planning and construction of park-level integrated energy systems (PIES). To solve this problem, we propose a bi-level planning model for an integrated energy system with hydrogen energy, considering multi-stage investment and carbon trading mechanism. First, the mathematical models of each energy source and energy storage in the park are established respectively, and the independent operation of the equipment is analyzed. Second, considering the operation state of multi-energy coordination, a bi-level planning optimization model is established. The upper level is the capacity configuration model considering the variable installation time of energy facilities, while the lower level is the operation optimization model considering several typical daily operations. Third, considering the coupling relationship between upper and lower models, the bi-level model is transformed into a solvable single-level mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model by using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition and big-M method. Finally, the proposed model and solution methods are verified by comprehensive case studies. Simulation results show that the proposed model can reduce the operational cost and carbon emission of PIES in the planning horizon, and provide insights for the multi-stage investment of PIES.
Liu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.