Multiphasic Membranes/Scaffolds for Periodontal Guided Tissue Regeneration

Abstract Periodontal disease can lead to severe degeneration of periodontium tissue and the global prevalence is continuously increasing with the growth and aging of population. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy with an occlusive membrane represents a golden standard in the dental clinic. Given the complex anatomy of the natural periodontium comprising alveolar bone, periodontal ligament (PDL) and cementum, GTR membrane/scaffolds with advanced multiphasic design are put forward to potentially repair the entire periodontium and restore its normal function. In principle, the multiphasic GTR membranes/scaffolds aim to coordinate the responses of both hard and soft tissues during the defect‐healing process, augment multi‐tissue regeneration, and optimize the formation of new periodontal attachment. In the past few decades, a diversity of GTR membranes/scaffolds with biphasic, triphasic, or gradient structures have been developed and demonstrated a substantial success in periodontal regeneration. This review covers the recent advancements in design of multiphasic GTR membranes/scaffolds from the aspects of materials, functional agents, and fabrication procedures, as well as their therapeutic efficacy assessed in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the limitations in current GTR therapy are discussed and future directions on the material design are also included accordingly.