History of European Union–Kazakhstan relations (1991-2001)

Diplomatic, economic and other relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union have been officially established since 1993. Such interaction between Kazakhstan and the European Union has been effective for both sides. The aim of this research is to consider the economic, political, diplomatic and cultural relations between the European Union and Kazakhstan, as well as to propose recommendations for countries that are just beginning relations with the Union. The creation of a single dense economic and currency space on the European continent, the expansion of the Union, a strategy to advance the world economy, the formation of a common defense and security system, integration and components of global processes have become the main requirements of this union. Political, trade, economic and investment cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EU is carried out within the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement signed on 23 January 1995 in Brussels and entered into force on 1 July 1999. On the basis of the agreement, it was possible to establish appropriate discussions on trade, investment, general economic relations, as well as cooperation in energy, transport, environment and finance. For the European Union, Kazakhstan has established partnerships in Central Asia as a key and effective partner. Thus, it became clear that Kazakhstan is a Eurasian state connecting Europe and Asia and a “Golden Bridge” in terms of geopolitical location. Received: 29 November 2022Accepted: 08 February 2023