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As the integration of DC distributed resources increases in recent years, hybrid AC/DC topology emerges as a promising alternative in the planning of distribution systems. This article presents an AC/DC optimal expansion planning of distribution networks from Distribution System Operator's perspective with a special focus on grid architecture through Integer Programming-based topological constraints. The proposed formulation aims to determine the optimal location and sizing of converters and to select lines type (AC or DC) and state (closed or open). The problem is formulated as a mixed integer second-order conic programming model that guarantees global optimality and verifiable exactness by using off-the-shelf solvers. A multi-scenario approach with a Wasserstein distance-based scenario reduction is applied to deal with resource uncertainty. Case studies based on a 13 bus and IEEE 33 bus distribution networks were used to verify the effectiveness of the model. The results show that a hybrid architecture can improve the efficiency of the grid through optimal active power flow and reduce the total network costs.
Barros et al. (Wed,) studied this question.