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Abstract In this study of the modified theory of gravity in the spatially flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) spacetime, all the affine connections compatible with the symmetric teleparallel structure are explored; three classes of such connections exist, each involving an unknown time‐varying parameter . Assuming ordinary barotropic fluid as the matter source, the Friedmann‐like pressure and energy equations are derived. Next constraints on the parameters of two separate models, and from the traditional energy conditions are imposed. Observational values of some prominent cosmological parameters are used for this purpose, yielding an effective equation of state .
Subramaniam et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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