Retarding solid-state reactions enable efficient and stable all-inorganic perovskite solar cells and modules

All-inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with efficiencies exceeding 20% are ideal candidates for application in large-scale tandem solar cells. However, there are still two major obstacles hindering their scale-up: (i) the inhomogeneous solid-state synthesis process and (ii) the inferior stability of the photoactive CsPbI3 black phase. Here, we have used a thermally stable ionic liquid, bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (PPNTFSI), to retard the high-temperature solid-state reaction between Cs4PbI6 and DMAPbI3 dimethylammonium (DMA), which enables the preparation of high-quality and large-area CsPbI3 films in the air. Because of the strong Pb-O contacts, PPNTFSI increases the formation energy of superficial vacancies and prevents the undesired phase degradation of CsPbI3. The resulting PSCs attained a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.64% (certified 19.69%) with long-term operational stability over 1000 hours. A record efficiency of 16.89% for an all-inorganic perovskite solar module was achieved, with an active area of 28.17 cm2.