Clinical Effectiveness of Cognitively Enhanced Tai Ji Quan Training on Global Cognition and Dual-Task Performance During Walking in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Self-Reported Memory Concerns

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) negatively impacts cognition and dual-task abilities. A physical-cognitive integrated treatment approach could mitigate this risk for dementia. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of cognitively enhanced tai ji quan versus standard tai ji quan or stretching exercise in improving global cognition and reducing dual-task walking costs in older adults with MCI or self-reported memory concerns. DESIGN: 3-group, randomized (1:1:1), superiority trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04070703). SETTING: Community residential homes. PARTICIPANTS: 318 older adults with self-reported memory decline or concern and a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) global score of 0.5 or lower at baseline. INTERVENTION: = 106). All groups exercised at home via real-time videoconferencing, 1 hour semiweekly for 24 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: The co-primary endpoints were change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; range, 0 to 30) and dual-task walking costs (difference between single- and dual-task gait speed, expressed in percentage) from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included CDR-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Trail Making Test B, Digit Span Backward (DSB), and physical performance tests. Outcomes were assessed at 16, 24 (primary endpoint), and 48 weeks (6 months after intervention). RESULTS: A total of 304 participants (96%) completed the 24-week assessment. Cognitively enhanced tai ji quan outperformed standard tai ji quan and stretching with a greater improvement in MoCA score (mean difference, 1.5 points 98.75% CI, 0.7 to 2.2 points and 2.8 points CI, 2.1 to 3.6 points, respectively) and in dual-task walking (mean difference, 9.9% CI, 2.8% to 16.6% and 22% CI, 13% to 31%, respectively). The intervention effects persisted at 48-week follow-up. LIMITATION: There was no nonexercise control group; participants had subjective or mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Among community-dwelling older adults with MCI, cognitively enriched tai ji quan therapy was superior to standard tai ji quan and stretching exercise in improving global cognition and reducing dual-task gait interference, with outcomes sustained at 48 weeks. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute on Aging.