Earnings management practices and effectiveness of auditing mechanisms in Islamic and emerging economies

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of audit mechanisms on earnings management (EM) practices in listed Saudi Arabian companies. Specifically, it examines the association between audit committee (AC) characteristics, external audit quality and EM before and after the revision of Saudi Regulations on Corporate Governance (SRCGs) in 2017. Design/methodology/approach The study analyzes a data set comprising 135 Saudi-listed companies observed from 2013 to 2020. EM practices are measured using the absolute value of discretionary accruals, and external audit quality is assessed by the involvement of BIG 4 auditors. The authors also consider four variables to gauge AC characteristics: independence, size, meeting frequency and expertise. To test the hypotheses, the authors use multivariate regression on panel data. Findings The findings provide robust evidence regarding the impact of audit mechanisms on EM practices. The presence of accounting and finance experts within the AC is shown to have a substantial and statistically significant effect in reducing EM practices. Similarly, AC independence demonstrates a negative association with EM after the implementation of the SRCGs 2017. However, the study does not uncover any statistically significant impact of AC size and meeting frequency on EM practices. Moreover, the research highlights a noteworthy positive relationship between EM practices and engagement with BIG 4 audit firms before the SRCGs 2017. However, this relationship ceases to exist following the regulatory amendment. Practical implications The practical implications of this research are significant for policymakers and companies operating in Saudi Arabia, as well as for practitioners and auditors working in the region. The findings underscore the importance of high-quality auditing work to prevent EM practices and promote transparent financial reporting. The study recommends increasing the number of independent members and financial experts on the AC, as well as rigorous monitoring of AC size and meetings. It also emphasizes the need for compliance with governance regulations to focus on effective monitoring of the AC rather than mere fulfillment of requirements. Originality/value The study enhances the existing literature on the effectiveness of ACs and external audit quality in mitigating EM by providing evidence from a unique and Islamic context that has not been extensively studied before. This can help in validating or challenging the findings of previous studies and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that impact EM in different contexts.