NiOx Nanoparticles Hole‐Transporting Layer Regulated by Ionic Radius‐Controlled Doping and Reductive Agent for Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency of 19.18%

Nickel oxide (NiOx ) has garnered considerable attention as a prospective hole-transporting layer (HTL) in organic solar cells (OSCs), offering a potential solution to the stability challenges posed by traditional HTL, PEDOT:PSS, arising from acidity and hygroscopicity. Nevertheless, the lower work function (WF) of NiOx relative to donor polymers reduces charge injection efficiency in OSCs. Herein, NiOx nanoparticles are tailored through rare earth doping to optimize WF and the impact of ionic radius on their electronic properties is explored. Lanthanum (La3+ ) and yttrium (Y3+ ) ions, with larger ionic radii, are effectively doped at 1 and 3%, respectively, while scandium (Sc3+ ), with a smaller ion radius, allows enhanced 5% doping. Higher doping ratios significantly enhance WF of NiOx . A 5% Sc3+ doping raises WF to 4.99 eV from 4.77 eV for neat NiOx while maintaining high conductivity. Consequently, using 5% Sc-doped NiOx as HTL improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs to 17.13%, surpassing the 15.64% with the neat NiOx . Further enhancement to 18.42% is achieved by introducing the reductant catechol, outperforming the PEDOT:PSS-based devices. Additionally, when employed in a ternary blend system (D18:N3:F-BTA3), an impressive PCE of 19.18 % is realized, top-performing among reported OSCs utilizing solution-processed inorganic nanoparticles.