Urologic perspective of genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Abstract Background Experts define the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) as a collection of signs and symptoms associated with decreased oestrogen levels. Its prevalence ranges between 13% and 87% in postmenopausal women. Objective We aimed to describe the main pathophysiology mechanisms of GSM affecting the lower urinary tract and the manifestations and treatment options for lower urinary tract dysfunction in GSM. Results Several treatments and recommendations have been proposed to enhance patients' ability to manage their symptoms, such as regular sexual activity or masturbation, to increase this physiological response and reduce the severity of GSM. Conclusion GSM is a multifactorial and complex syndrome that affects postmenopausal women. Impairment of urogenital structures implies diverse manifestations of genital atrophy and lower urinary tract symptoms.