Atrial fibrillation type and long-term clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with heart failure: insight from JROADHF

AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) type (paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent) is important in determining therapeutic management; however, clinical outcomes by AF type are largely unknown for hospitalized patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The Japanese Registry Of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure is a retrospective, multicenter, and nationwide registry of patients hospitalized for acute HF in Japan. Follow-up data were collected up to 5 years after hospitalization. Patients were divided based on diagnosis and AF type into 3 groups without AF, paroxysmal AF, and sustained AF (defined as a composite of persistent and permanent AF), and compared the backgrounds and outcomes between the groups. Of 12 895 hospitalized HF patients mean age: 78 ± 13 years, female: 6077 (47%), and mean left ventricular ejection fraction: 47 ± 17%, 1725 had paroxysmal AF, and 3672 had sustained AF. Compared with patients without AF, sustained AF had a higher risk of the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular (CV) death or HF hospitalization hazard ratio (HR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.17; P = 0.03, mainly driven by HF hospitalization HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06-1.26; P < 0.001, whereas the corresponding risk for the primary endpoint in patients with paroxysmal AF was not elevated (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.94-1.13; P = 0.53) after adjustment by multivariable Cox regression analysis. These results were consistent among the subgroups of patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (interaction P = 0.74). CONCLUSION: Among hospitalized patients with HF, sustained AF, but not paroxysmal AF, was significantly associated with a higher risk for CV death or HF hospitalization, indicating the importance of accounting for AF type in HF patients.