Benefits of soybean co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense: Large-scale validation with farmers in Brazil

The global contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to soybean production ranks Brazil as the leading country. In 2013/2014, a new technology based on soybean co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 was released, and here we report a five-year set of extension activities in Paraná state, southern Brazil, to demonstrate the benefits of co-inoculation. In total, 273 technical reference units (TRUs) were installed in two main soybean macro-regions, all showing naturalized populations of soybean bradyrhizobia. In each TRU, side-by-side plots consisting of soybean seeds non-inoculated or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilense were installed, and 260 TRUs were evaluated for nodulation and 242 for grain yield. Consistent nodulation increases, of up to 350% were observed in every cropping season, with an average significant (p 4000 kg ha−1). In the five-year period, 3299 small farmers were reached (farms of ∼50 ha) and the average profit due to co-inoculation was estimated at US 111. 5 ha−1 per cropping season. In addition, we discuss environmental benefits associated with the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions, estimated at 350 kg ha−1 of CO2-e, in addition to soil N enrichment.