A Software Tool for Estimating Uncertainty of Bayesian Posterior Probability for Disease

The role of medical diagnosis is essential in patient care and healthcare. Established diagnostic practices typically rely on predetermined clinical criteria and numerical thresholds. In contrast, Bayesian inference provides an advanced framework that supports diagnosis via in-depth probabilistic analysis. This study's aim is to introduce a software tool dedicated to the quantification of uncertainty in Bayesian diagnosis, a field that has seen minimal exploration to date. The presented tool, a freely available specialized software program, utilizes uncertainty propagation techniques to estimate the sampling, measurement, and combined uncertainty of the posterior probability for disease. It features two primary modules and fifteen submodules, all designed to facilitate the estimation and graphical representation of the standard uncertainty of the posterior probability estimates for diseased and non-diseased population samples, incorporating parameters such as the mean and standard deviation of the test measurand, the size of the samples, and the standard measurement uncertainty inherent in screening and diagnostic tests. Our study showcases the practical application of the program by examining the fasting plasma glucose data sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Parametric distribution models are explored to assess the uncertainty of Bayesian posterior probability for diabetes mellitus, using the oral glucose tolerance test as the reference diagnostic method.