Atrial fibrillation and risk of adverse outcomes in heart failure with reduced, mildly reduced, and preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Introduction Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently co‐exist. Contemporary classification of HF categorizes it into HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Aggregate data comparing the risk profile of AF between these three HF categories are lacking. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed at determining any significant differences in AF‐associated all‐cause mortality, HF hospitalizations, cardiovascular mortality (CV), and stroke between HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases until February 28, 2023. Data were combined using DerSimonian‐Laird random effects model. Results A total of 22 studies comprising 248 323 patients were retained: HFrEF 123 331 (49.7%), HFmrEF 40 995 (16.5%), and HFpEF 83 997 (33.8%). Pooled baseline AF prevalence was 36% total population, 30% HFrEF, 36% HFmrEF, and 42% HFpEF. AF was associated with a higher risk of all‐cause mortality in the total population with pooled hazard ratio (HR) = 1.13 (95% confidence interval CI = 1.07−1.21), HFmrEF (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05−1.50) and HFpEF (HR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09−1.24), but not HFrEF (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.93−1.14). AF was associated with a higher risk of HF hospitalizations in the total population (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.14−1.46), HFmrEF (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.20−2.24), and HFpEF (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.17−1.83), but not HFrEF (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.87−1.18). AF was only associated with CV in the HFpEF subcategory but was associated with stroke in all three HF subtypes. Conclusions AF appears to be associated with a higher risk of all‐cause mortality and HF hospitalization in HFmrEF and HFpEF. With these findings, the paucity of data and treatment guidelines on AF in the HFmrEF subgroup becomes even more significant and warrant further investigations.