Reasons for Removal of Rigid Internal Fixation Devices in Craniofacial Surgery: A 20-year Update

The hardware utilized for rigid internal fixation of the craniofacial skeleton has evolved over time. Thus, the reasons for the unplanned removal of hardware continue to change. The purpose of this study is to compare past (1989–1995) and present (2000–2020) patient cohorts to establish trends related to unplanned removal of craniofacial hardware. A retrospective review study was designed. Data from our institution’s original publication describing the unplanned removal of craniofacial hardware (1989-1995) was obtained. Data related to patients who underwent unplanned removal of hardware from 2000 to 2020 was collected from the electronic medical record. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed to compare demographics, reasons for hardware placement, and reasons for unplanned hardware removal between cohorts. This study includes 55 patients treated from 1989 to 1995 and 184 patients treated from 2000 to 2020. The average age at hardware placement decreased from 32 years (1989–1995) to 28 years (2000–2020). The most common reason for hardware placement changed from motor vehicle accident (1989–1995) to congenital deformity (2000–2020). The length of time with hardware in situ increased from 13 months (1989–1995) to 25 months (2000–2020). The most common reason for hardware removal changed from prominent hardware (1989–1995) to hardware exposure (2000–2020). In summary, patients who underwent rigid internal fixation of the craniofacial skeleton from 2000 to 2020 retained their hardware 2 times longer than patients treated from 1989 to 1995. Factors potentially contributing to increased retention include improved surgical technique, decreased profile of hardware, and increased surgeon experience. Further studies are warranted to define preoperative risk factors for unplanned hardware removal.