Pacific Decadal Oscillation Modulation on the Relationship between Moderate El Niño-Southern Oscillation and East Asian Winter Temperature

Based on observation data from 1958 to 2020, the current study explores the interdecadal modulation effects on moderate El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes and East Asian (EA) winter surface air temperature (SAT) through the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Strong and moderate ENSO episodes are classified by their amplitudes. The current work investigates the influence of moderate ENSO episodes on the EA winter SAT, especially moderate La Niña episodes, which show a close relationship with the EA winter SAT. To explore the PDO modulation effect on the influence of ENSO episodes, these ENSO episodes are further divided into two categories in terms of warm or cold PDO phases. The composite results show that in the warm phase of the PDO, the moderate La Niña signal is relatively strong and stable, with a profound impact on the EA winter SAT variability, whereas in the cold PDO phase, the relationship between the EA winter SAT and moderate La Niña episodes becomes ambiguous. Further studies show that the PDO modulates the moderate La Niña impacts on EA winter SAT primarily through varying the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). While moderate La Niña episodes take place in a warm PDO phase, positive and negative anomalies of sea level pressure (SLP) are observed in the Eurasian continent and mid–high-latitude North Pacific, respectively, favoring anomalous northerlies along the eastern coast of East Asia and therefore a colder-than-normal EA winter. In contrast, in a moderate La Niña winter during the cold PDO phase, the mid–high-latitude North Pacific is controlled by an anomalous high-pressure system with southerly anomalies along its western flank, and therefore, a weak warm pattern is observed for the EA winter SAT.