Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in healthcare facilities: A systematic literature review and gap analysis

Numerous studies have examined the connection between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and health in various healthcare settings. However, it remains uncertain whether these findings are consistent across a wide array of healthcare environments and for the diverse IEQ elements such as daylighting, thermal comfort, acoustics, and indoor air quality. As a result, this study aims to holistically assess the impact of IEQ elements on healthcare facilities with a focus on patient and staff outcomes and identify the gaps in knowledge within the domain. The study applied a qualitative research approach, including a systematic literature review from the last three decades, covering four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science). The collective body of research consistently demonstrates that favourable IEQ positively impacts patient recovery, reduces stress levels, shortens hospital stays, and enhances staff effectiveness in care delivery. Nevertheless, a notable research gap exists concerning the combined effects of IEQ on healing outcomes, particularly between purpose-built and non-purpose-built healthcare facilities. To bridge this gap, we propose adopting an evidence-based design approach to understand the relationship between a hospital's indoor environment and the well-being of both patients and staff, with a specific focus on architectural considerations. The study also proposes a conceptual framework that helps understand the dynamics of IEQ elements in healthcare facilities. The outcomes of this review offer valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and professionals in healthcare and building design, facilitating the enhancement of IEQ design guidelines and standards tailored to healthcare facilities.