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Significance The crisis of insecurity in Ecuador, in particular, has raised concerns in neighbouring countries about the activities of drug trafficking mafias as well as other forms of illegal cross-border activity. The porous nature of frontiers in the region makes for serious problems of control. Impacts External actors are poorly placed to offer much of a solution to the wave of violence in Ecuador and the wider region. Demand for cocaine will remain high, creating ongoing financial incentives to plant coca. Illegal gold mining will persist so long as international prices remain buoyant. Growing violence will continue to stimulate outwards migration, chiefly towards the United States.
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