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Abstract Multi-level programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and optical metasurfaces have gained widespread attention in many fields, such as neuromorphic photonics, optical communications, and quantum information. In this paper, we propose pixelated programmable Si 3 N 4 PICs with record-high 20-level intermediate states at 785 nm wavelength. Such flexibility in phase or amplitude modulation is achieved by a programmable Sb 2 S 3 matrix, the footprint of whose elements can be as small as 1.2 μ m, limited only by the optical diffraction limit of an in-house developed pulsed laser writing system. We believe our work lays the foundation for laser-writing ultra-high-level (20 levels and even more) programmable photonic systems and metasurfaces based on phase change materials, which could catalyze diverse applications such as programmable neuromorphic photonics, biosensing, optical computing, photonic quantum computing, and reconfigurable metasurfaces.
Chen et al. (Thu,) studied this question.