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Liquid metal (LM) particles can serve as initiators, functional fillers, and cross-linkers for hydrogels. Herein, we show that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) stabilize LM particles in aqueous solutions, such as those used to produce hydrogels. The CNC-coated LM particles initiate free-radical polymerization to form poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel with exceptional properties─stretchability ∼2000%, excellent toughness ∼1.8 MJ/m3, mechanical resilience, and efficient self-healing─relative to cross-linked PAA networks polymerized using conventional molecular initiators. FTIR spectroscopy, rheology, and mechanical measurements suggest that physical bonds between PAA and both Ga3+ and LM-CNC particles contribute to the excellent mechanical properties. The gels are used to sense a wide range of strains, such as those associated with human motion, via changes in resistance through the gel. The sensitivity at low strains enables monitoring subtle physiological signals, such as pulse. Without significantly compromising the toughness, soaking the gels in salt solution brings about high ionic conductivity (3.8 S/m), enabling them to detect touch via piezoionic principles; the anions in the gel have higher mobility than cations, resulting in significant charge separation (current ∼30 μA, ∼10 μA/cm2) through the gel in response to touch. These attractive properties are promising for wearable sensors, energy harvesters, and self-powered ionic touch panels.
Rahmani et al. (Mon,) studied this question.