Critical material supply sustainability for wind turbine deployment towards 2050

Abstract The rapid expansion of wind energy utilization is equipped with the input of wind turbine. The material reliance of wind turbine deployment remains unclear. Here we uncover the global mineral requirements and environmental impacts of wind turbine deployment from 2000 to 2050. Our findings reveal a substantial need for metals, categorized into extreme risk (Dy, Tb, Nd, Pr, Nb, Mo, and Cu), high risk (steel and Ni), and medium-low risk (Al, Cr, B, and Pb). Shortages of material may potentially manifest by the end of this decade. Extending turbine lifespans by 5-10 years reduces material use, energy consumption, water usage, and CO2 emissions by 8.8-16.2% compared to a 20-year lifespan. The obtained results also indicate that an exponential increase in end-of-life wind turbines is currently in progress, emphasizing the urgent need for strategic planning, supporting policies, and efficient management to promptly tackle this critical issue.