MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Mental Disorders: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications

Background: microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent studies indicate the involvement of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders, which allows to consider them as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The aim of this literature review is to analyse curren research on the involvement of microRNAs in the formation of psychiatric disorders, focusing on their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Materials and methods: to find relevant publications, we searched eLibrary and PubMed databases using the following keywords and terms: microRNAs, mental disorders, psychological status, biomarkers, diagnosis, prognosis. Conclusion: numerous studies suggest that microRNAs are involved in the regulation of critical molecular pathways associated with psychiatric disorders, including neurotransmission, neurodevelopment, and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of certain microRNAs has been observed in various psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and addictive disorders. It is highlighted that the investigated microRNAs have a high potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers, opening up possibilities for early detection and personalised treatment strategies. The identification of specific microRNAs associated with different psychiatric disorders offers new opportunities to develop innovative diagnostic approaches and targeted therapeutic interventions. However, a number of challenges remain, including differences in microRNA expression levels and profiles due to the heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders, the need for standardisation of microRNA analysis protocols and their further validation in large-scale studies on different patient populations. Collaborative efforts between basic genetics researchers and clinicians are needed to harness the full potential of microRNA analysis for the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders.