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Isogeometric analysis (IGA) has emerged as a promising approach in the field of structural optimization, benefiting from the seamless integration between the computer-aided design (CAD) geometry and the analysis model by employing non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) as basis functions. However, structural optimization for real-world CAD geometries consisting of multiple non-matching NURBS patches remains a challenging task. In this work, we propose a unified formulation for shape and thickness optimization of separately parametrized shell structures by adopting the free-form deformation (FFD) technique, so that continuity with respect to design variables is preserved at patch intersections during optimization. Shell patches are modeled with isogeometric Kirchhoff-Love theory and coupled using a penalty-based method in the analysis. We use Lagrange extraction to link the control points associated with the B-spline FFD block and shell patches, and we perform IGA using the same extraction matrices by taking advantage of existing finite element assembly procedures in the FEniCS partial differential equation (PDE) solution library. Moreover, we enable automated analytical derivative computation by leveraging advanced code generation in FEniCS, thereby facilitating efficient gradient-based optimization algorithms. The framework is validated using a collection of benchmark problems, demonstrating its applications to shape and thickness optimization of aircraft wings with complex shell layouts.
Zhao et al. (Fri,) studied this question.