Treatment failure ofHelicobacter pyloriin primary care: a retrospective cohort study

Background Owing to increasing antibiotic resistance, the worldwide efficacy of Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication treatment has decreased. Aim To determine antimicrobial resistance of HP in primary care. Design & setting Retrospective cohort study using real-world routine healthcare data from 80 general practices in the Netherlands. Method Patients with International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) codes for gastric symptoms or Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes for acid inhibition in the period 2010–2020 were selected. Main outcomes were antimicrobial resistance of HP, defined as the prescription of a second eradication treatment within 12 months, and clinical remission of gastric symptoms, defined as no usage of acid inhibition 1 year following eradication therapy. Results We identified 138 455 patients with gastric symptoms and/or acid inhibition use (mean age 57 years standard deviation 18.2 years, 43% male). A total of 5224 (4%) patients received an HP eradication treatment. A second treatment was prescribed to 416 (8%) of those patients. From these, 380 patients received amoxicillin–clarithromycin, 16 amoxicillin–metronidazole, and 11 clarithromycin–metronidazole as first regimen and were considered antimicrobial resistant. We observed a 0.8% increment per year of patients requiring a second eradication treatment ( P = 0.003, 95% confidence interval = 0.33 to 1.22). After successful eradication, 2329/4808 (48%) patients used acid inhibition compared with 355/416 (85%) patients following treatment failure ( P <0.001). Conclusion Antimicrobial treatment is not successful in almost one-tenth of HP infections in primary care after a first treatment containing clarithromycin and/or metronidazole. Although the treatment failure rate is not as high as reported in secondary care, the increasing trend is concerning and may require revision of the current guidelines.