Neural Field Dynamics: The Interplay of Local and Global Activity in Brain Function

Abstract: Recent advancements in neuroscience have spurred a paradigm shift away from strict localizationism towards an appreciation for the brain as a dynamic, interconnected network. This paper discusses the intricacies of neural field dynamics, emphasizing the role of local and global brain activities and their interplay in shaping cognitive processes and behaviors. We explore the concept of neural microfields and their collective influence at a distance, considering how even subthreshold electric currents generated by neural activity can modulate neuronal excitability and network states. The discussion extends to the brain's operation at the edge of criticality—a state theorized to optimize information processing and adaptability. We delve into how fluctuations in neural activity, potentially stemming from strong emotions or pathological states, can precipitate bifurcations in neuronal behavior, leading to various brain states or phase transitions. The implications of external electric fields, such as those used in neuromodulatory therapies, are also considered, highlighting their capacity to influence neuronal activity and alter systemic dynamics. This review integrates perspectives from computational neuroscience, dynamical systems theory, and electrophysiology to construct a holistic understanding of neural field dynamics and their significance in the functioning of the brain. The paper aims to theoretically contribute to the ongoing dialogue in neuroscience regarding the non-linear and emergent properties of neural networks, paving the way for future research and clinical innovations.