Extreme Event Impact Attribution: The state of the art

Extreme weather events lead to many adverse societal, economic, and environmental consequences. Anthropogenic climate change has been identified as a factor that, in many cases, increases the frequency and intensity of these weather extremes. In the last two decades, the methods of Extreme Event Attribution (EEA) have been used to quantify the extent to which climate change affected the nature of specific recent extreme weather events. More recently, these methods are being combined with socioeconomic impact data to quantify extreme weathers impacts attributable to climate change in what we term Extreme Event Impacts Attribution (EEIA). EEIA is a quickly developing field that considers which kinds of questions about the impacts of climate change on extreme weather events we should ask, what methods are best suited to answer them, how to interpret the results these methods provide, and what purpose these results can serve. In this survey, we discuss the basic structure and methods of EEIA, review the results of the existing EEIA studies, and discuss the implications and outlook for this strand of research including its relevance for quantification of climate change costs, the Loss and Damage Fund, climate litigation, or adaptation planning.