Reconstructed global glacier mass change since LIA strongly influenced by the sample of observed glaciers

An accurate global reconstruction of glacier mass change since the Little Ice Age (LIA) is of importance for, e.g., glacier mass change attribution studies and constraining the past sea-level budget. However, there are significant inconsistencies between reconstructions of the global LIA volume derived from (i) glacier length change records and (ii) glacier models that include the build-up to the LIA. The inconsistencies are present in both the magnitude and timing of the LIA maximum. Model reconstructions have shown a smaller peak of glacier volume, occurring many decades later than glacier length records indicate. Furthermore, as the maximum LIA volume did not occur synchronously between glaciers, the sampling choice of glaciers from the global population will have an impact on the total reconstructed LIA volume. Here, we tested the effect of different sampling strategies on reconstructed LIA volume, using a model based reconstruction from the Open Global Glacier Model, forced with the Last Millennium Reanalysis, as a surrogate world. Our analysis shows that glaciers for which length change observations prior to 1945 are available (the real-world sample) are not representative of the global signal. This shortcoming has the potential to explain large inconsistencies between the model-based reconstructions of glacier mass and reconstructions from observations. While the real-world sample is skewed, it is still a better representation of the global signal than would be expected from a random sample of the same size.