Democracy's Rebirth: The View from Chicago

A half century ago, as a new political science professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Dick Simpson won election to the Chicago City Council for the city's Near North Side Forty-Fourth Ward as an independent—twice! While there, he was one of a handful of non-machine council members, vastly outnumbered by Mayor Richard J. Daley's rubberstamp aldermen. As Simpson notes somewhat wryly in Democracy's Rebirth, "Mayor Daley would chide me when I was a Chicago alderman, 'you ain't got the votes, kid'" (p. 38). During those years, Simpson managed an independent campaign in a nearby ward during which the candidate's office was firebombed. "As they say in Chicago, 'politics ain't bean bag'—it isn't a game, but political warfare with no holds barred" (p. 124), Simpson writes.Democracy's Rebirth is about politics and, even more, about the health and well-being of US democracy. It is described by Simpson's publisher as "a blueprint for repairing America's imperiled democracy." The author himself calls it "both a theoretical discourse and a practical manifesto" (p. 3). In many ways, it is a primer for citizen-voters and for students of government that uses Chicago as a case study—for bad and for good—and describes in a granular way how government, politicians, and democracy work and the many challenges now before the nation. Because the book delineates very specific ways to address these challenges, it is somewhat akin to a binder of position papers for a newly elected public official, something Simpson helped prepare as a member of the transition team of Mayor Lori Lightfoot following her 2019 election.As Simpson's twenty-second book, Democracy's Rebirth is perhaps above all a summation of his half a century of writing and his unique careers as political candidate, elected official, campaign strategist, and government advisor. "I know how the sausage is made" (p. 3), he writes.For instance, in his chapter on the deep problems caused by hyper-polarization in the United States today, Simpson looks back on more than a half century of deep divisions in Chicago, starting with the way political leaders went about replacing Daley when he died of a heart attack on December 20, 1976. As an alderman, Simpson had a ringside seat, attending at least one of the many aldermanic caucuses in the hours after the mayor was struck down. The partisanship in this case didn't pit the Daley machine Democrats against the handful of independents and one Republican in the council. Instead, it came down to race. White council members aligned with Daley's political aides to block an African American alderman from becoming acting mayor. Race again was at the heart of the 1983 election, when Harold Washington became the city's first Black mayor despite being opposed by much of the regular Democratic organization, even to the extent of backing his Republican opponent. Similarly, the resulting battle between the white leaders on the council and Washington, known as Council Wars, was all about a struggle for power between racial factions.Yet when it comes to polarization, Chicago has become a source of good news. In recent years, "the century-long battle between order and innovation, political machine and reform movements, ethnic and racial divisions has swung toward progressive reform" (p. 101), writes Simpson. In an important sign of the city's move toward a better future, "Chicagoans elected a Black, woman, lesbian mayor in 2019" (p. 102). In another sign, the council "has begun to act more like a legislating body while providing Mayor Lightfoot a governing majority" (p. 102). Still another sign, although not mentioned by Simpson, has been the election of a handful of self-identified socialist aldermen, a sharp change from the past.Simpson is a fan of much of what Lightfoot did as a reform-minded mayor, such as eliminating aldermanic privilege in routine administrative matters, a veto power for a council member that fragmented city government. However, in the year since his book was published, Lightfoot was defeated in a bid for reelection in April 2023. It remains to be seen how the policies of new mayor Brandon Johnson, also a progressive, will impact the reform movement of the city and the measures that Lightfoot put into motion.Throughout Democracy's Rebirth, Simpson is very detail-oriented. He describes the nuts and bolts of what has been going wrong with American democracy, and he provides precise how-to instructions for fixing the problems and reinvigorating the democratic process. Yet, as much as he is aware of the structures and policies that have gotten the nation to where it is today, Simpson is ultimately focused on the importance of individual Americans.The fight for justice and democracy, he writes, is essential. "If we are to succeed, democracy requires a citizenry willing to participate and hold their government accountable. To sacrifice for the greater good." As Simpson makes clear throughout his book, there are a great number of active citizens and leaders who are working to subvert democracy, as the January 6 insurrection showed. What are needed are voters and citizen activists who will counterbalance such authoritarian efforts. "We, the people, must shake off our apathy and rise up," he writes. "We must understand, act, and act again until our democracy is reestablished on a sounder footing."