Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Profile in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis

Background: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) necessitates hemodialysis, a crucial treatment modality that involves the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the blood of patients with end-stage renal disease. The biochemical profile, including electrolyte levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis, plays a vital role in patient management and outcome. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of hemodialysis on the electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, and calcium) of patients with chronic renal failure and to assess the clinical implications of these changes. Methods: This study was conducted with ethical approval, adhering to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. A total of 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Institute of Kidney Diseases, Peshawar, were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected both pre- and post-hemodialysis to analyze changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium levels. The biochemical analysis was conducted using gel tubes for blood collection, with samples transported under controlled conditions to the laboratory. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing paired T-tests and the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess data normality and changes in electrolyte levels. Results: The study revealed significant changes in electrolyte levels post-hemodialysis. Sodium levels decreased from a pre-hemodialysis mean of 142.37 ± 27.140 mmol/L to a post-hemodialysis mean of 123.13 ± 13.733 mmol/L (P=0.006). Potassium levels saw a reduction from 4.93 ± 1.219 mmol/L to 3.90 ± 1.311 mmol/L (P=0.054). Calcium levels also decreased from 9.777 ± 0.3743 mg/dL pre-hemodialysis to 9.663 ± 0.7629 mg/dL post-hemodialysis (P<0.001). Conclusion: Hemodialysis significantly impacts the electrolyte balance in patients with chronic renal failure, highlighting the necessity for vigilant monitoring and management of electrolyte levels to mitigate adverse clinical outcomes. This study underscores the importance of tailored therapeutic interventions to maintain electrolyte homeostasis, ultimately improving the quality of life and healthcare outcomes for patients undergoing hemodialysis.