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The increasing global population and its associated energy requirements significantly burden natural energy resources. The Paris Agreement's promises to prevent global warming and promote sustainable development are obscured by the fossil fuel industry's frightening rate of exploitation. Biodiesel offers a sustainable substitute for fossil fuels to solve viable fuel and socioeconomic issues. Diverse feedstocks, including Jatropha oil, palm oil, used frying oil, edible oil, animal fat, and microbial oil, are used to make biodiesel. Much exploration has been done on creating innovative and sustainable biodiesel synthesis technologies to boost the yield of biodiesel to remain competitive. In the current investigation, tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica) derived sulfonated doped carbon catalyst was utilized for the transformation of used cooking oil methyl ester (UCOME). The morphological and spectral analyses of the produced catalyst were performed thoroughly by means of TGA, BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDAX. The study of optimization of parameters that impact biodiesel efficacy was conducted using response surface methodology, which gave 98. 97% conversion. The esterification reaction was examined by two kinetic models, and it followed the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with the reaction being endothermic and not spontaneous. The catalyst exhibited good reusability with 81. 17% conversion until 4 cycles. The deactivation study of the prepared sulfonated catalyst (SDC) was analyzed. Additionally, fuel was ascertained by GC–MS, 1H NMR, and FTIR evaluations. The anticipated cost of 1 kg catalyst and 1 L UCOME, as determined by cost analysis, were 3. 706 and 0. 403, respectively, demonstrating their excellent economic viabilities.
Ghosh et al. (Tue,) studied this question.