Aerosol Therapy With Inhalers During Mechanical Ventilation

What Is the Issue? Mechanical ventilation helps individuals breathe when they cannot do so on their own. During mechanical ventilation, aerosol therapy is used to deliver medication to the lungs of the person who is using the ventilator. High doses of aerosol therapy administered via metered dose inhaler for adults and older adults who are mechanically ventilated is common clinical practice. However, the reasoning behind this practice, and whether it has clinical benefits compared to no doses and standard doses, is unclear. What Did We Do? To inform decisions about high doses of aerosol therapy delivered with metered dose inhalers in adults and older adults receiving mechanical ventilation, we sought to identify and summarize literature comparing the clinical effectiveness of inhaled high doses of aerosol therapy versus no aerosol therapy. We also sought to identify and summarize literature comparing the clinical effectiveness of inhaled high doses of aerosol therapy versus standard doses. A research information specialist conducted a literature search of peer-reviewed and grey literature sources published between January 1, 2004, and January 25, 2024. The search was limited to English-language documents. One reviewer screened articles for inclusion based on predefined criteria, critically appraised the included study, and narratively summarized the findings. What Did We Find? We found 1 retrospective chart review that compared the clinical effectiveness of 2 different doses of inhaled high doses of aerosol therapy. The findings from this study suggest that, compared to lower doses, higher doses of salbutamol are associated with more days alive and free of acute lung injury and more days alive and free of indicators of acute respiratory distress and respiratory failure. We did not find any studies that compared the clinical effectiveness of inhaled high doses of aerosol therapy to no aerosol therapy for adults and older adults receiving mechanical ventilation that met inclusion criteria for our review. What Does It Mean? The available evidence with methodological limitations suggests that high doses of aerosol therapy with salbutamol may be associated with better clinical respiratory outcomes when compared to low doses in patients with acute lung injury who are mechanically ventilated. To inform future clinical practice, decision-makers may want to consider the potential risks and benefits and environmental implications of aerosol therapy, as well as implementation factors (e.g., resource needs, risk of contamination). Additional clinical studies would help provide a better understanding of the optimal dosage and clinical effectiveness of aerosol therapy for patients who are mechanically ventilated.