Orthotropic mechanical properties of PLA materials fabricated by fused deposition modeling

Polylactic Acid (PLA) sample manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique is typically assumed to be transversely isotropic without a thorough examination of its orthotropy in three-dimensional space. This study investigated the mechanical orthotropy of PLA samples with two air gap levels (0 mm and -0.05 mm) and various loading directions. Tensile strength and elastic modulus were experimentally measured and the Hill48 yield model and orthotropic elastic model were calibrated. Results revealed that the anisotropy induced by interlayer bond was more pronounced than that within layer. Introducing a -0.05 mm air gap remarkably reduced voids in printed samples, enhancing the stiffness and strength of tensile samples. It also delayed the transition of fracture modes in intra-layer samples as the filament angle increased from 0∘ to 90∘, which shifted from filament breakage to combined fracture mode and subsequently to interface failure. Despite these improvements, the inherent anisotropy of FDM printed PLA materials remained due to the oriented molecular chains and insufficient chain diffusion. The study emphasizes the importance of orthotropic mechanical models, demonstrating their reliability through calibration with acceptable accuracy.