Improvement of Technologies for Growing High-Product Varieties of Winter Wheat in Scientifically Based Crop Rotations Under the Conditions of Climate Change

It has been established that in order to sustainably meet the needs of food grain, the decisive role belongs to the improvement of technologies for growing high-yielding varieties of winter wheat in scientifically based crop rotations, the urgency of whose implementation is caused by climate changes. It was found that in solving the mentioned problem, great importance is attached to the creation of new varieties of winter wheat with high genetic potential of productivity and quality, stable resistance to diseases, pests, adverse environmental factors. An important role in the improvement of such technologies is played by selection, thanks to which the creation of new and improvement of existing varieties of winter wheat takes place. Important trends in the selection of winter wheat are: development of new high-yielding varieties with complex resistance to diseases and pests; increasing the adaptive properties of breeding material to natural and anthropogenic factors; research of the gene pool of plants, selection of donors of economic-valuable traits, establishment of new physiological-biochemical, anatomical-morphological and cytogenetic traits and their connection with better properties; improvement of methods of creating raw material for the selection process. Great importance is attached to the research, development and improvement of systems and methods of stabilizing selection in order to preserve varietal identity, improvement of methods of approbation in the direction of varietal control of crops. An important role is played by the use of scientifically based seed crop rotations with effective saturation, placement and ratio of crops belonging to groups with different biological properties. When placing seed crops of winter wheat, it is necessary to take into account the culture's requirements for fertility, moisture availability, clogging, and mechanical composition of the soil. When drawing up a scheme for alternation of crops in crop rotations, attention is focused on the fact that each crop should ensure high and stable yield and quality of seeds. Because precursors affect the yield and seed quality of winter wheat depending on how much they dry out the soil and use nutrient reserves. The preservation of winter wheat varieties from biological and mechanical clogging is of great importance. In order to preserve the purity of seed crops, it is forbidden to place winter wheat after predecessors, the carrion of which can clog its variety. In addition, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of contamination of seed crops with diseases and pests that are transmitted by wind, water, as well as through soil, seeds, plant residues, etc. It is especially important to take into account the clogging of crops by weeds, the seeds of which are difficult to separate from grain: ryegrass in oat crops, ragweed in pea crops, wild radish in wheat and barley crops. It was determined that in the conditions of climate change, in seed crop rotations, it is necessary to observe varietal agricultural techniques, use optimal rates of organic and mineral fertilizers, siderates, post-harvest sowing, plant protection products, and also apply differentiated tillage.