Oral nicotine product marketing expenditures in the USA from 2016 to 2023: trends over time by brand and targeted media outlets

Background Oral nicotine products (ONPs) are increasing in sales, availability and flavours. In April 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) obtained regulatory authority over non-tobacco nicotine products, which include many ONPs. Advertising practices for ONPs need monitoring to understand marketing strategies and inform FDA marketing authorisation decisions. Methods ONP advertisement (ad) expenditure data (January 2016–June 2023) were purchased (print, TV, radio, online video, online display and mobile; N=125 236) and adjusted to 2023 dollars. Descriptive statistics examined expenditures by ONP brand and media outlet over time. Results Velo spent the most on ONP advertising (89. 8%), followed by Zyn (5. 7%) and Black Buffalo (1. 2%). Velo encompassed the majority of TV (98. 1%), radio (99. 9%) and mobile ad spend (87. 3%) ; Zyn was the leader for online display (46. 2%) and online video (71. 1%) ; and Black Buffalo accounted for 100% of print ads. In 2023, (January–June), Zyn accounted for 88. 0% of ad expenditures and Velo spent 0, though the total amount spent by Zyn was far less than Velo in prior years. TV ads (98. 1% Velo) aired primarily on prime time/late night or 09: 00–17: 00 on weekends. Radio ads (99. 9% Velo) aired primarily from 06: 00 to 10: 00, 12: 00 to 14: 00 and 15: 00 to 19: 00 on weekdays. Overall, expenditures focused on reaching a national audience, though print ads indicated potential male-targeted marketing. Conclusions Following FDA’s regulatory authority over non-tobacco nicotine products, ad expenditures for Velo dropped to 0. Ongoing surveillance of ONP ad trends can inform FDA marketing authorisation decisions by revealing brand-specific marketing strategies that may be targeted toward populations at increased risk of tobacco use.