Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

Studying the basic parameters of heat and thermodynamics can lead to new insights. Gaseous and solid atoms under transitional conditions are candidates for exploring remarkable advances in chemical and physical sciences. There is an anomaly in the first law of thermodynamics when studying the transitional behaviors of atoms. By gaining transition energy, gaseous atoms undergo a transition state. Thus, they perform the work self. Symbolically, a plus sign is needed. However, a transition in solid atoms occurs because of the absorbing transition energy, where electrons decrease the potential energy. Therefore, the work rating is a minus sign. The force exerted at the electron level in a gaseous atom is different than that in a solid atom. The potential energy of the electron changes from the transitional energy, thus controlling the orientation. An anomaly resolves by changing the equations of internal energy. Gaseous and solid atoms introduce cooling and heat effects under elastically driven electronic states when reaching the mid-states. A transition state between re-crystallization and liquid states can be considered a mid-state. In generating cooling or heating energy, an electron executes dynamics by remaining within the occupied energy knot. Thus, constantly driven electronic states of atoms cause disorder and irreversible cycling. This study provides a basic understanding of the first law of thermodynamics, cold and heat energy, entropy, and condensed matter science at the atomic and electronic levels.