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The urgent need to address climate change and the depletion of natural resources has led governments worldwide to allocate significant resources towards research and development in clean energy technologies and energy efficiency.This study evaluates the effectiveness of renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives in reducing CO 2 emissions, taking into account the influences of natural resource availability and political risk.Using data from France spanning from 1985 to 2021, we employ the kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) methodology, complemented by quantile regression (QR), to analyse these relationships.Our findings indicate that policies promoting energy efficiency and green energy have a positive impact on reducing CO 2 emissions.However, the availability of natural resources and political risk exacerbate environmental challenges by increasing CO 2 emissions.Thus, our study underscores the importance of continued support from policymakers for renewable energy development and energy efficiency research to effectively pursue Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Additionally, as the world prepares for COP28, our findings emphasize the urgency of these initiatives in meeting global climate targets.
Özkan et al. (Fri,) studied this question.