An updated infrageneric classification of the pantropical species-rich genus Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) and some insights into the systematics of New Caledonian species, based on molecular and morphological evidence

Garcinia L. is a pantropically distributed genus comprised of at least 250 species of shrubs and trees and has centers of diversity located in Africa/Madagascar, Australasia, and Southeast Asia. The genus is notable due to its extreme diversity of floral form, common presence in lowland tropical rainforests worldwide, and potential pharmacological value. Across its entire geographic range, Garcinia lacks a recent taxonomic revision, with the last genus-level taxonomic treatment of Garcinia conducted over 40 years ago. In order to provide an evolutionary-based framework for a revised infrageneric classification of the genus and to investigate in more detail the systematics of New Caledonian species, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequence data for the nuclear ITS region on all samples, and for three chloroplast intergenic spacers ( psbM-trnD , trnQ-rps16 and rps16-trnK ) on a subset of our overall sampling. Our phylogenetic analyses are the most comprehensive to date for the genus, containing 111 biogeographically and morphologically diverse Garcinia species. The analyses support a broad circumscription of Garcinia , including several previously segregated genera (e.g. Allanblackia , Clusianthemum , Ochrocarpos p.p., Pentaphalangium , Rheedia , and Tripetalum ). We recovered nine major clades falling within two major lineages, and we delimit 11 sections. We discuss each of the clades, assign them sectional names, discuss their distinguishing morphological features, compare our taxonomic treatment with the most recent sectional treatment, list representative species, note geographic distribution, and highlight some questions that deserve future investigations. We propose nine new nomenclatural combinations, four new names, and three new lectotypes. In New Caledonia (NC), a total of ten, all endemic, species are recognized and were included in our phylogenetic analyses, with several replicates per species (with the exception of G. virgata and G. urceolata , represented by a single accession each). New Caledonian species were retrieved within three separate clades, respectively including 1) G. balansae ; 2) G. comptonii , G. neglecta , G. urceolata , G. virgata ; and 3) G. amplexicaulis , G. densiflora , G. pedicellata , G. puat , G. vieillardii . Within NC, the phylogenies did not support the distinction between a putative undescribed species and G. balansae . However, it confirmed the distinction between NC species and both G. vitiensis (found in Fiji and Vanuatu) and G. adinantha (found in Fiji), suggesting that all NC species should be considered as endemics.